Income improvement is the primary expectation when deciding to migrate. However, due to the limited resources and urban facilities, informal sector work leads to an increasing income gap with local workers, migrant workers in big cities are considered the most vulnerable population. When there is no social policy, migrants are even more susceptible to the negative impacts of COVID-19. To identify necessary bases for short-term and long-term intervention to attract workers to return and quickly adapt to the urban life in the economic recovery process, the study surveyed to clarify the assessment of COVID-19 support packages from which the most beneficial are electricity and water exemption and reduction, food support, loan interest reduction, and loan for salary payment. The study also used survey results from two pandemic centers in the southern region to estimate factors and impacts on the workers' income in terms of integration, the results show that the major significant factors are education, housing, work sector, self-employment, and social insurance. We take notices to enhance workers' integration to help retain workers by short-term measurements from the support package's assessments and long-term measurements from the income and integration estimates to attract workers after the pandemic.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the response of privately-owned hospitality enterprises in Da Nang city, Vietnam to environmental concerns. The study is inspired by global growing attention to how sustainable development in general and sustainable development in the tourism industry in particular can be promoted, especially the environmental aspect. Given the vital role of the private sector in achieving sustainable development and the fact that in the context of Vietnam, the private sector is still a less powerful economic player than the state-owned sector, the study only focuses on the privately-owned hotels. The study was conducted with the aims of (i) filling in the gap of understanding of the issue in developing countries, (ii) seeing how effective the private sector's contribution in Da Nang city and in Vietnam in general has been in promoting sustainable tourism development, and (iii) coming to suitable recommendations, based on the research results, to increase the effectiveness of the private sector in sustainable tourism development. Qualitative methodology was used. Fifteen hotel managers participated in the semi-structured interviews. Some governmental officers also joined the research to provide supplementary information. The research findings show that the hotel managers in Da Nang city generally had good understanding of relevant environmental issues in the accommodation sector and tourism industry. All hotels researched were using environmental practices but the smaller ones tended to have less practices. Noticeably, not all hotels were using obligatory practices described by laws. Reducing costs was the most chosen motivation for hotels to go green. Simultaneously, it was picked up by most participants as the biggest difficulty that prevented them from pursuing an environmental path. The research also revealed a weak collaboration between the city government and the accommodation businesses in dealing with environmental concerns.
Saigon is an urban area that has undergone many political and historical upheavals. This study focuses on aesthetic qualities in an examination of The Lover by Jean-Jacques Annaud and Bar Girls by Le Hoang, which together contrast the image of Saigon during two different periods. I argue that Annaud presents the image of a colonial Saigon from a perspective grounded in nostalgia and memories, utilizing the techniques of museum aesthetics to juxtapose western and eastern spaces. Meanwhile, Le Hoang highlights the contemporary city of Saigon, reflecting in his film the qualities of an everyday aesthetics.
Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st Century. According to the United Nations, Vietnam with a coastline of more than 3600 km, is one of top 30 countries facing an "extremely high risk" from the impacts of climate change over the next 30 years. Research undertaken in Vietnam indicates that significant impacts due to sea level rise have already occurred, resulting in the increased unpredictability and severity of coastal problems, such as land-loss, flooding of low lying coastal areas, accelerated coastal erosion, all which directly impacts the local population residing in the coastal region. Moreover, due to sea level rise, the amount of land available for development along the coast and further highly populated low lying land such as in the Mekong Delta will decrease. Facing these risks requires government and experts to urgently find effective solutions to ensure adequate space for residents in low-lying coastal areas. The current solutions being discussed are not only traditionally raising accommodation or resettlement to higher areas, or "living with the water", but also a view of "living on the water". In this case, floating architecture is seen as an effective solution for many low lying coastal areas all over the world and in Vietnam in particular. In fact that, Vietnam has a long history of floating settlements with a large number of floating villages. However, these floating villages are built with dilapidated houses which are built on rafts, and most floating settlements have been threaten by several socio-cultural, economic and environmental factors. Therefore, the main purpose of the research is to upgrade floating architecture in Vietnam to a higher level and standard adapting to climate change and social change. The research will provide methods and innovation tools to bridge the gap between existing floating house, as an unsafe and inconvenient type of accommodation, and contemporary housing needs in water bodies to allow for a fit between traditional designing experience and contemporary innovation of floating architecture. Based on lessons and innovations of floating architecture development in other countries, as well as based on the traditional experience and vernacular architecture of floating houses in Vietnam, the research will create theoretical frameworks, guidelines and design criteria for sustainable floating houses and floating settlements. The sustainable concept focuses on both sustainability and affordability when using innovative floating structures and materials in accordance with the local climatic and social condition of Vietnam, as well as adapting to climate change and sea level rise. The study will not only protect existing floating villages, preserve aquatic lifestyle that ensure a stable and permanent living on the water for inhabitants, but also improve floating architecture for modern demands and resilient living adapting to social change and climate change in Vietnam. ; Der Klimawandel ist eine der dringendsten globalen Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Vietnam ist mit einer Küstenlinie von mehr als 3600 km eines der 30 Länder, die in den nächsten 30 Jahren einem "extrem hohen Risiko" durch die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels ausgesetzt sind. Die Auswirkungen des Meeresspiegelanstiegs sind bereits erheblich, was zu einer erhöhten Unvorhersehbarkeit und Schwere von Küstenproblemen führt: Z.B. Landverlust, Überflutung von niedrig gelegenen Küstengebieten und beschleunigter Küstenerosion. Durch den Anstieg des Meeresspiegels wird die verfügbare Fläche für die Bebauung entlang der Küste und weiterer stark besiedelter, tief liegender Gebiete abnehmen. Um diesen Risiken zu begegnen, müssen Regierung und Experten dringend effektive Lösungen finden, um den Bewohnern der tief liegenden Küstengebiete ausreichend Platz zu bieten. Die derzeit diskutierten Lösungen sind nicht nur die traditionelle Anhebung der Unterkünfte oder die Umsiedlung in höher gelegene Gebiete oder das "Leben mit dem Wasser", sondern auch die Sichtweise des "Lebens auf dem Wasser". In diesem Fall wird die schwimmende Architektur als eine effektive Lösung für viele niedrig gelegene Küstengebiete auf der ganzen Welt und insbesondere in Vietnam gesehen. In der Tat hat Vietnam eine lange Geschichte von schwimmenden Siedlungen mit einer großen Anzahl von schwimmenden Dörfern. Diese schwimmenden Dörfer bestehen jedoch aus baufälligen Häusern, die auf Flößen gebaut sind, und die meisten schwimmenden Siedlungen sind durch verschiedene sozio-kulturelle, wirtschaftliche und umweltbedingte Faktoren bedroht. Daher ist das Hauptziel der Forschung, die schwimmende Architektur in Vietnam auf einen höheren Standard zu bringen, der sich an den Klimawandel und den sozialen Wandel anpasst. Die Forschung wird Methoden und Innovationswerkzeuge bereitstellen, um die Kluft zwischen dem bestehenden schwimmenden Haus, als unsichere und unbequeme Art der Unterkunft, und den zeitgenössischen Wohnbedürfnissen in Gewässern zu überbrücken. Basierend auf den Erfahrungen und Innovationen bei der Entwicklung von traditioneller schwimmender Architektur, wird die Forschung theoretische Rahmenbedingungen, Richtlinien und Designkriterien für nachhaltige schwimmende Häuser und schwimmende Siedlungen schaffen. Das nachhaltige Konzept konzentriert sich sowohl auf Nachhaltigkeit als auch auf Erschwinglichkeit bei der Verwendung innovativer schwimmender Strukturen und Materialien in Übereinstimmung mit den lokalen klimatischen und sozialen Bedingungen Vietnams sowie auf die Anpassung an den Klimawandel und den Anstieg des Meeresspiegels. Diese Studie wird die bestehenden schwimmenden Dörfer schützen und den aquatischen Lebensstil bewahren, der den Bewohnern ein stabiles und nachhaltiges Leben auf dem Wasser sichert, sowie die schwimmende Architektur für moderne Anforderungen und ein widerstandsfähiges Leben verbessern, das sich an den sozialen Wandel und den Klimawandel anpasst.
Addressing Serbia's labor market problems is critical to enhancing growth and job creation. Low labor force participation, relatively high unemployment, particularly among youth and other disadvantaged groups, and rising skills gaps currently impede efficient use of human capital and the prospects for sustained economic growth and welfare improvements. Although there has been progress, more jobs are needed if Serbia is to catch up with neighboring countries in the European Union (EU). Robust growth in employment will require a comprehensive agenda: boosting private sector job creation on the demand side; reducing barriers and disincentives to work and improving worker skills on the supply side; and ensuring that labor market intermediation and institutions facilitate employer-employee matches. This note focuses on current labor market performance and on skills and labor market policies to support inclusive growth. Employment in Serbia's formal private sector is low; the full workforce potential is underutilized; and labor productivity and real wages have been relatively flat. Improving skills and reforming labor market policies can boost both employment and productivity. This note's focus on skills and labor taxation, regulation, and intermediation allows it to discuss specific policy actions to support Serbia's New Growth Agenda. Tackling these issues will not only enhance Serbia's human capital and productivity for higher growth but will also boost people's incomes, reduce poverty, and grow the middle class.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss several cultural and psychological aspects that the author experienced in the interview fieldwork with Vietnamese and the strategies to deal with these methodological issues. It aims to assist non-Vietnamese researchers planning their qualitative fieldwork with Vietnamese participants.
Design/methodology/approach – The results are drawn from using an autoethnographic approach, in which the author presents and analyses the experiences of conducting individual semi-structured interviews with 15 Vietnamese college teachers in the PhD qualitative study on the Vietnamese concept of face – thê diên.
Findings – The author argues that in interviews with Vietnamese participants, an interviewer should be mindful of the interviewees' unfamiliarity with the ethics approval procedure, their reliance on relationship and trust, their self-face concern and low level of elaboration. It is important that the interviewer be seen as an "insider" by the Vietnamese interviewees, not an "objective" outsider researcher. In addition, an interviewer needs to be sensitive to detect any subtle cues that may emerge, and be flexible enough to adjust the interview questions if necessary and employ suitable techniques to adapt to these changes.
Research limitations/implications – The findings were limited to the scope of experiences within a PhD study with a small group of college teachers. Experiences with larger groups of Vietnamese participants from diverse backgrounds may be needed to confirm the findings of this paper.
Originality/value – This paper addresses the gap in the discussion of conducting qualitative research with the Vietnamese. It also discusses several issues that have not been discussed before, such as the Vietnamese unfamiliarity with the paperwork required for ethics approval and their face concerns in interviews.
The paper focuses on structural gap in public finance of Vietnam in long term from 1990 to 2010 and consequences of structural gaps in public finance - public debt crisis- in some developed countries. Public debt crisis has harmfully influenced to Eurozone including developed countries and to the most developed countries of the world such as United States of America, and Japan. Each country has its own reasons for public debt crisis; however, the principle of those crises is too high public expenditure leading to increase in budget deficit over long term - this called structural gaps of public finance. Available data shows that the ratio Public Debt/GDP in these countries increased over long time then rose sharply for several years right before the public debt crisis. Vietnam public debt has been increasing for the last five years as well. Analysis the secondary data of public finance of Vietnam from the credible sources in range from 1990 to 2011 combined with a survey about symptom of structural gaps of public finance in Vietnam manifests the evidence of structural gaps in public finance of Vietnam. This unbalance has become worse since 2005 when the public debt increases considerably, especially external debt. Growth rate of Vietnam is higher than average level of entire the world; however, the gains are fragile. That unsustainable circumstance is even exacerbated by high inflation and high public debt. The thesis recommends some solutions which the Government of Vietnam might apply to balance the government budget and improve its performance in the future. Keywords: Structural gaps, public finance, public investment, budget deficit,public debt, debt crisis, inflation, corruption, inefficiency, bloated bureaucracy, transparency, sustainable development
We examine how banks manage carbon transition risk by selling loans given to polluting borrowers to less regulated shadow banks in securitization markets. Exploiting the election of Donald Trump as an exogenous shock that reduces carbon risk, we find that banks' securitization decisions are sensitive to borrowers' carbon footprints. Banks are more likely to securitize brown loans when carbon risk is high but swiftly change to keep these loans on their balance sheets when carbon risk is reduced after Trump's election. Importantly, securitization enables banks to offer lower interest rates to polluting borrowers but does not affect the supply of green loans. Our findings are more pronounced among domestic banks and banks that do not display green lending preferences. We discuss how securitization can weaken the effectiveness of bank climate policies through reducing banks' incentives to price carbon risk.
We examine whether banks manage firms' climate transition risks via corporate loan securitization. Results show that banks are more likely to securitize loans granted to firms that become more carbon-intensive. The effect is more pronounced if banks have a lower willingness to adjust loan terms. Exploiting the election of Donald Trump as an exogenous shock that lowers transition risk, we show that banks respond by a lower securitization of loans given to firms that become more carbon-intensive. This is mainly driven by banks that have no or low preferences for sustainable lending and domestic lenders.
